[SPARK-3717] DecisionTree, RandomForest: Partition by feature

• Type: Improvement
• Status: Resolved
• Priority: Major
• Resolution: Incomplete
• Component/s: MLlib
• Labels: bulk-closed
• Assignee: Unassigned
• Reporter: Joseph K. Bradley
• Created: 29/Sep/14 06:22
• Updated: 21/May/19 05:37
• Resolved: 21/May/19 05:37

Description

Summary

Currently, data are partitioned by row/instance for DecisionTree and RandomForest. This JIRA argues for partitioning by feature for training deep trees. This is especially relevant for random forests, which are often trained to be deeper than single decision trees.

Details

Dataset dimensions and the depth of the tree to be trained are the main problem parameters determining whether it is better to partition features or instances. For random forests (training many deep trees), partitioning features could be much better.

Notation:

• P = # workers
• N = # instances
• M = # features
• D = depth of tree

Partitioning Features

Algorithm sketch:

• Each worker stores:
  • a subset of columns (i.e., a subset of features). If a worker stores feature j, then the worker stores the feature value for all instances (i.e., the whole column).
  • all labels
• Train one level at a time.
• Invariants:
  • Each worker stores a mapping: instance → node in current level
• On each iteration:
  • Each worker: For each node in level, compute (best feature to split, info gain).
  • Reduce (P x M) values to M values to find best split for each node.
  • Workers who have features used in best splits communicate left/right for relevant instances. Gather total of N bits to master, then broadcast.
• Total communication:
  • Depth D iterations
  • On each iteration, reduce to M values (~8 bytes each), broadcast N values (1 bit each).
  • Estimate: D * (M * 8 + N)

Partitioning Instances

Algorithm sketch:

• Train one group of nodes at a time.
• Invariants:
• Each worker stores a mapping: instance → node
• On each iteration:
  • Each worker: For each instance, add to aggregate statistics.
  • Aggregate is of size (# nodes in group) x M x (# bins) x (# classes)
    • (“# classes” is for classification. 3 for regression)
  • Reduce aggregate.
  • Master chooses best split for each node in group and broadcasts.
• Local training: Once all instances for a node fit on one machine, it can be best to shuffle data and training subtrees locally. This can mean shuffling the entire dataset for each tree trained.
• Summing over all iterations, reduce to total of:
  • (# nodes in tree) x M x (# bins B) x (# classes C) values (~8 bytes each)
  • Estimate: 2^D * M * B * C * 8

Comparing Partitioning Methods

Partitioning features cost < partitioning instances cost when:

• D * (M * 8 + N) < 2^D * M * B * C * 8
• D * N < 2^D * M * B * C * 8 (assuming D * M * 8 is small compared to the right hand side)
• N < [ 2^D * M * B * C * 8 ] / D

Example: many instances:

• 2 million instances, 3500 features, 100 bins, 5 classes, 6 levels (depth = 5)
• Partitioning features: 6 * ( 3500 * 8 + 2*10^6 ) =~ 1.2 * 10^7
• Partitioning instances: 32 * 3500 * 100 * 5 * 8 =~ 4.5 * 10^8

Issue Links

• is blocked by: SPARK-4285 Transpose RDD[Vector] to column store for ML
• Is contained by: SPARK-14045 DecisionTree improvement umbrella

Sub-Tasks

• Transpose RDD[Vector] to column store for ML: Resolved