diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/DirectoryIndexReader.java b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/DirectoryIndexReader.java
deleted file mode 100644
--- a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/DirectoryIndexReader.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,654 +0,0 @@
-package org.apache.lucene.index;
-
-/**
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
-
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory;
-import org.apache.lucene.store.Lock;
-import org.apache.lucene.store.LockObtainFailedException;
-import org.apache.lucene.store.AlreadyClosedException;
-import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory;
-
-/**
- * IndexReader implementation that has access to a Directory. 
- * Instances that have a SegmentInfos object (i. e. segmentInfos != null)
- * "own" the directory, which means that they try to acquire a write lock
- * whenever index modifications are performed.
- */
-abstract class DirectoryIndexReader extends IndexReader implements Cloneable {
-  protected Directory directory;
-  protected boolean closeDirectory;
-  private IndexDeletionPolicy deletionPolicy;
-
-  private SegmentInfos segmentInfos;
-  private Lock writeLock;
-  private boolean stale;
-  private final HashSet synced = new HashSet();
-
-  /** Used by commit() to record pre-commit state in case
-   * rollback is necessary */
-  private boolean rollbackHasChanges;
-  private SegmentInfos rollbackSegmentInfos;
-  IndexWriter writer;
-
-  protected boolean readOnly;
-
-  
-  void init(Directory directory, SegmentInfos segmentInfos, boolean closeDirectory, boolean readOnly)
-    throws IOException {
-    this.directory = directory;
-    this.segmentInfos = segmentInfos;
-    this.closeDirectory = closeDirectory;
-    this.readOnly = readOnly;
-
-    if (readOnly) {
-      assert this instanceof ReadOnlySegmentReader ||
-        this instanceof ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader;
-    } else {
-      assert !(this instanceof ReadOnlySegmentReader) &&
-        !(this instanceof ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader);
-    }
-
-    if (!readOnly && segmentInfos != null) {
-      // We assume that this segments_N was previously
-      // properly sync'd:
-      synced.addAll(segmentInfos.files(directory, true));
-    }
-  }
-
-  boolean hasSegmentInfos() {
-    return segmentInfos != null;
-  }
-
-  protected DirectoryIndexReader() {}
-  
-  DirectoryIndexReader(Directory directory, SegmentInfos segmentInfos,
-                       boolean closeDirectory, boolean readOnly) throws IOException {
-    super();
-    init(directory, segmentInfos, closeDirectory, readOnly);
-  }
-  
-  static DirectoryIndexReader open(final Directory directory, final boolean closeDirectory, final IndexDeletionPolicy deletionPolicy) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return open(directory, closeDirectory, deletionPolicy, null, false);
-  }
-
-  static DirectoryIndexReader open(final Directory directory, final boolean closeDirectory, final IndexDeletionPolicy deletionPolicy, final IndexCommit commit, final boolean readOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-
-    SegmentInfos.FindSegmentsFile finder = new SegmentInfos.FindSegmentsFile(directory) {
-
-      protected Object doBody(String segmentFileName) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-
-        SegmentInfos infos = new SegmentInfos();
-        infos.read(directory, segmentFileName);
-
-        DirectoryIndexReader reader;
-
-        if (infos.size() == 1) {          // index is optimized
-          reader = SegmentReader.get(readOnly, infos, infos.info(0), false);
-        } else if (readOnly) {
-          reader = new ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader(directory, infos, false);
-        } else {
-          reader = new MultiSegmentReader(directory, infos, false, false);
-        }
-        reader.setDeletionPolicy(deletionPolicy);
-        reader.closeDirectory = closeDirectory;
-        return reader;
-      }
-    };
-
-    DirectoryIndexReader reader = null;
-    try {
-      if (commit == null)
-        reader = (DirectoryIndexReader) finder.run();
-      else {
-        if (directory != commit.getDirectory())
-          throw new IOException("the specified commit does not match the specified Directory");
-        // This can & will directly throw IOException if the
-        // specified commit point has been deleted:
-        reader = (DirectoryIndexReader) finder.doBody(commit.getSegmentsFileName());
-      }
-    } finally {
-      // We passed false above for closeDirectory so that
-      // the directory would not be closed before we were
-      // done retrying, so at this point if we truly failed
-      // to open a reader, which means an exception is being
-      // thrown, then close the directory now:
-      if (reader == null && closeDirectory) {
-        try {
-          directory.close();
-        } catch (IOException ioe) {
-          // suppress, so we keep throwing original failure
-          // from opening the reader
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return reader;
-  }
-  
-  public final synchronized IndexReader reopen() throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    // Preserve current readOnly
-    return doReopen(readOnly, null);
-  }
-
-  public final synchronized IndexReader reopen(boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return doReopen(openReadOnly, null);
-  }
-
-  public final synchronized IndexReader reopen(final IndexCommit commit) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return doReopen(true, commit);
-  }
-
-  public final synchronized Object clone() {
-    try { 
-      // Preserve current readOnly
-      return clone(readOnly);
-    } catch (Exception ex) {
-      throw new RuntimeException(ex);
-    }
-  }
-  
-  public final synchronized IndexReader clone(boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-
-    final SegmentInfos clonedInfos;
-    if (segmentInfos != null) {
-      clonedInfos = (SegmentInfos) segmentInfos.clone();
-    } else {
-      clonedInfos = null;
-    }
-    DirectoryIndexReader newReader = doReopen(clonedInfos, true, openReadOnly);
-    
-    if (this != newReader) {
-      newReader.init(directory, clonedInfos, closeDirectory, openReadOnly);
-      newReader.deletionPolicy = deletionPolicy;
-    }
-    newReader.writer = writer;
-    // If we're cloning a non-readOnly reader, move the
-    // writeLock (if there is one) to the new reader:
-    if (!openReadOnly && writeLock != null) {
-      // In near real-time search, reader is always readonly
-      assert writer == null;
-      newReader.writeLock = writeLock;
-      writeLock = null;
-      hasChanges = false;
-    }
-    
-    return newReader;
-  }
-  
-  // If there are no changes to the index, simply return
-  // ourself.  If there are changes, load the latest
-  // SegmentInfos and reopen based on that
-  protected final synchronized IndexReader doReopen(final boolean openReadOnly, IndexCommit commit) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    ensureOpen();
-
-    assert commit == null || openReadOnly;
-
-    // If we were obtained by writer.getReader(), re-ask the
-    // writer to get a new reader.
-    if (writer != null) {
-      assert readOnly;
-
-      if (!openReadOnly) {
-        throw new IllegalArgumentException("a reader obtained from IndexWriter.getReader() can only be reopened with openReadOnly=true (got false)");
-      }
-
-      if (commit != null) {
-        throw new IllegalArgumentException("a reader obtained from IndexWriter.getReader() cannot currently accept a commit");
-      }
-
-      if (!writer.isOpen(true)) {
-        throw new AlreadyClosedException("cannot reopen: the IndexWriter this reader was obtained from is now closed");
-      }
-
-      // TODO: right now we *always* make a new reader; in
-      // the future we could have write make some effort to
-      // detect that no changes have occurred
-      IndexReader reader = writer.getReader();
-      reader.setDisableFakeNorms(getDisableFakeNorms());
-      return reader;
-    }
-
-    if (commit == null) {
-      if (hasChanges) {
-        // We have changes, which means we are not readOnly:
-        assert readOnly == false;
-        // and we hold the write lock:
-        assert writeLock != null;
-        // so no other writer holds the write lock, which
-        // means no changes could have been done to the index:
-        assert isCurrent();
-
-        if (openReadOnly) {
-          return (IndexReader) clone(openReadOnly);
-        } else {
-          return this;
-        }
-      } else if (isCurrent()) {
-        if (openReadOnly != readOnly) {
-          // Just fallback to clone
-          return (IndexReader) clone(openReadOnly);
-        } else {
-          return this;
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (directory != commit.getDirectory())
-        throw new IOException("the specified commit does not match the specified Directory");
-      if (segmentInfos != null && commit.getSegmentsFileName().equals(segmentInfos.getCurrentSegmentFileName())) {
-        if (readOnly != openReadOnly) {
-          // Just fallback to clone
-          return (IndexReader) clone(openReadOnly);
-        } else {
-          return this;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    final SegmentInfos.FindSegmentsFile finder = new SegmentInfos.FindSegmentsFile(directory) {
-
-      protected Object doBody(String segmentFileName) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-        SegmentInfos infos = new SegmentInfos();
-        infos.read(directory, segmentFileName);
-        DirectoryIndexReader newReader = doReopen(infos, false, openReadOnly);
-        
-        if (DirectoryIndexReader.this != newReader) {
-          newReader.init(directory, infos, closeDirectory, openReadOnly);
-          newReader.deletionPolicy = deletionPolicy;
-        }
-
-        return newReader;
-      }
-    };
-
-    DirectoryIndexReader reader = null;
-
-    // While trying to reopen, we temporarily mark our
-    // closeDirectory as false.  This way any exceptions hit
-    // partway while opening the reader, which is expected
-    // eg if writer is committing, won't close our
-    // directory.  We restore this value below:
-    final boolean myCloseDirectory = closeDirectory;
-    closeDirectory = false;
-
-    try {
-      if (commit == null) {
-        reader = (DirectoryIndexReader) finder.run();
-      } else {
-        reader = (DirectoryIndexReader) finder.doBody(commit.getSegmentsFileName());
-      }
-      reader.setDisableFakeNorms(getDisableFakeNorms());
-    } finally {
-      if (myCloseDirectory) {
-        assert directory instanceof FSDirectory;
-        // Restore my closeDirectory
-        closeDirectory = true;
-        if (reader != null && reader != this) {
-          // Success, and a new reader was actually opened
-          reader.closeDirectory = true;
-          // Clone the directory
-          reader.directory = FSDirectory.getDirectory(((FSDirectory) directory).getFile());
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return reader;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Re-opens the index using the passed-in SegmentInfos 
-   */
-  protected abstract DirectoryIndexReader doReopen(SegmentInfos infos, boolean doClone, boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException;
-  
-  public void setDeletionPolicy(IndexDeletionPolicy deletionPolicy) {
-    this.deletionPolicy = deletionPolicy;
-  }
-  
-  /** Returns the directory this index resides in.
-   */
-  public Directory directory() {
-    // Don't ensureOpen here -- in certain cases, when a
-    // cloned/reopened reader needs to commit, it may call
-    // this method on the closed original reader
-    return directory;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Version number when this IndexReader was opened.
-   */
-  public long getVersion() {
-    ensureOpen();
-    return segmentInfos.getVersion();
-  }
-
-  public Map getCommitUserData() {
-    ensureOpen();
-    return segmentInfos.getUserData();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Check whether this IndexReader is still using the
-   * current (i.e., most recently committed) version of the
-   * index.  If a writer has committed any changes to the
-   * index since this reader was opened, this will return
-   * <code>false</code>, in which case you must open a new
-   * IndexReader in order to see the changes.  See the
-   * description of the <a href="IndexWriter.html#autoCommit"><code>autoCommit</code></a>
-   * flag which controls when the {@link IndexWriter}
-   * actually commits changes to the index.
-   * 
-   * @throws CorruptIndexException if the index is corrupt
-   * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
-   */
-  public boolean isCurrent() throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    ensureOpen();
-    return SegmentInfos.readCurrentVersion(directory) == segmentInfos.getVersion();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Checks is the index is optimized (if it has a single segment and no deletions)
-   * @return <code>true</code> if the index is optimized; <code>false</code> otherwise
-   */
-  public boolean isOptimized() {
-    ensureOpen();
-    return segmentInfos.size() == 1 && hasDeletions() == false;
-  }
-
-  protected void doClose() throws IOException {
-    if(closeDirectory)
-      directory.close();
-  }
-  
-  /** @deprecated */
-  protected void doCommit() throws IOException {
-    doCommit(null);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Commit changes resulting from delete, undeleteAll, or
-   * setNorm operations
-   *
-   * If an exception is hit, then either no changes or all
-   * changes will have been committed to the index
-   * (transactional semantics).
-   * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
-   */
-  protected void doCommit(Map commitUserData) throws IOException {
-    if (hasChanges) {
-      if (segmentInfos != null) {
-        segmentInfos.setUserData(commitUserData);
-        // Default deleter (for backwards compatibility) is
-        // KeepOnlyLastCommitDeleter:
-        IndexFileDeleter deleter =  new IndexFileDeleter(directory,
-                                                         deletionPolicy == null ? new KeepOnlyLastCommitDeletionPolicy() : deletionPolicy,
-                                                         segmentInfos, null, null);
-
-        // Checkpoint the state we are about to change, in
-        // case we have to roll back:
-        startCommit();
-
-        boolean success = false;
-        try {
-          commitChanges();
-
-          // Sync all files we just wrote
-          Iterator it = segmentInfos.files(directory, false).iterator();
-          while(it.hasNext()) {
-            final String fileName = (String) it.next();
-            if (!synced.contains(fileName)) {
-              assert directory.fileExists(fileName);
-              directory.sync(fileName);
-              synced.add(fileName);
-            }
-          }
-
-          segmentInfos.commit(directory);
-          success = true;
-        } finally {
-
-          if (!success) {
-
-            // Rollback changes that were made to
-            // SegmentInfos but failed to get [fully]
-            // committed.  This way this reader instance
-            // remains consistent (matched to what's
-            // actually in the index):
-            rollbackCommit();
-
-            // Recompute deletable files & remove them (so
-            // partially written .del files, etc, are
-            // removed):
-            deleter.refresh();
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Have the deleter remove any now unreferenced
-        // files due to this commit:
-        deleter.checkpoint(segmentInfos, true);
-        deleter.close();
-
-        if (writeLock != null) {
-          writeLock.release();  // release write lock
-          writeLock = null;
-        }
-      }
-      else
-        commitChanges();
-    }
-    hasChanges = false;
-  }
-  
-  protected abstract void commitChanges() throws IOException;
-  
-  /**
-   * Tries to acquire the WriteLock on this directory.
-   * this method is only valid if this IndexReader is directory owner.
-   * 
-   * @throws StaleReaderException if the index has changed
-   * since this reader was opened
-   * @throws CorruptIndexException if the index is corrupt
-   * @throws LockObtainFailedException if another writer
-   *  has this index open (<code>write.lock</code> could not
-   *  be obtained)
-   * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
-   */
-  protected void acquireWriteLock() throws StaleReaderException, CorruptIndexException, LockObtainFailedException, IOException {
-
-    if (readOnly) {
-      // NOTE: we should not reach this code w/ the core
-      // IndexReader classes; however, an external subclass
-      // of IndexReader could reach this.
-      ReadOnlySegmentReader.noWrite();
-    }
-
-    if (segmentInfos != null) {
-      ensureOpen();
-      if (stale)
-        throw new StaleReaderException("IndexReader out of date and no longer valid for delete, undelete, or setNorm operations");
-  
-      if (writeLock == null) {
-        Lock writeLock = directory.makeLock(IndexWriter.WRITE_LOCK_NAME);
-        if (!writeLock.obtain(IndexWriter.WRITE_LOCK_TIMEOUT)) // obtain write lock
-          throw new LockObtainFailedException("Index locked for write: " + writeLock);
-        this.writeLock = writeLock;
-  
-        // we have to check whether index has changed since this reader was opened.
-        // if so, this reader is no longer valid for deletion
-        if (SegmentInfos.readCurrentVersion(directory) > segmentInfos.getVersion()) {
-          stale = true;
-          this.writeLock.release();
-          this.writeLock = null;
-          throw new StaleReaderException("IndexReader out of date and no longer valid for delete, undelete, or setNorm operations");
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Should internally checkpoint state that will change
-   * during commit so that we can rollback if necessary.
-   */
-  void startCommit() {
-    if (segmentInfos != null) {
-      rollbackSegmentInfos = (SegmentInfos) segmentInfos.clone();
-    }
-    rollbackHasChanges = hasChanges;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Rolls back state to just before the commit (this is
-   * called by commit() if there is some exception while
-   * committing).
-   */
-  void rollbackCommit() {
-    if (segmentInfos != null) {
-      for(int i=0;i<segmentInfos.size();i++) {
-        // Rollback each segmentInfo.  Because the
-        // SegmentReader holds a reference to the
-        // SegmentInfo we can't [easily] just replace
-        // segmentInfos, so we reset it in place instead:
-        segmentInfos.info(i).reset(rollbackSegmentInfos.info(i));
-      }
-      rollbackSegmentInfos = null;
-    }
-
-    hasChanges = rollbackHasChanges;
-  }
-
-  /** Release the write lock, if needed. */
-  protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
-    try {
-      if (writeLock != null) {
-        writeLock.release();                        // release write lock
-        writeLock = null;
-      }
-    } finally {
-      super.finalize();
-    }
-  }
-
-  private static class ReaderCommit extends IndexCommit {
-    private String segmentsFileName;
-    Collection files;
-    Directory dir;
-    long generation;
-    long version;
-    final boolean isOptimized;
-    final Map userData;
-
-    ReaderCommit(SegmentInfos infos, Directory dir) throws IOException {
-      segmentsFileName = infos.getCurrentSegmentFileName();
-      this.dir = dir;
-      userData = infos.getUserData();
-      files = Collections.unmodifiableCollection(infos.files(dir, true));
-      version = infos.getVersion();
-      generation = infos.getGeneration();
-      isOptimized = infos.size() == 1 && !infos.info(0).hasDeletions();
-    }
-
-    public boolean isOptimized() {
-      return isOptimized;
-    }
-    public String getSegmentsFileName() {
-      return segmentsFileName;
-    }
-    public Collection getFileNames() {
-      return files;
-    }
-    public Directory getDirectory() {
-      return dir;
-    }
-    public long getVersion() {
-      return version;
-    }
-    public long getGeneration() {
-      return generation;
-    }
-    public boolean isDeleted() {
-      return false;
-    }
-    public Map getUserData() {
-      return userData;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Expert: return the IndexCommit that this reader has
-   * opened.
-   *
-   * <p><b>WARNING</b>: this API is new and experimental and
-   * may suddenly change.</p>
-   */
-  public IndexCommit getIndexCommit() throws IOException {
-    return new ReaderCommit(segmentInfos, directory);
-  }
-
-  /** @see IndexReader#listCommits */
-  public static Collection listCommits(Directory dir) throws IOException {
-
-    final String[] files = dir.listAll();
-
-    Collection commits = new ArrayList();
-
-    SegmentInfos latest = new SegmentInfos();
-    latest.read(dir);
-    final long currentGen = latest.getGeneration();
-
-    commits.add(new ReaderCommit(latest, dir));
-    
-    for(int i=0;i<files.length;i++) {
-
-      final String fileName = files[i];
-
-      if (fileName.startsWith(IndexFileNames.SEGMENTS) &&
-          !fileName.equals(IndexFileNames.SEGMENTS_GEN) &&
-          SegmentInfos.generationFromSegmentsFileName(fileName) < currentGen) {
-
-        SegmentInfos sis = new SegmentInfos();
-        try {
-          // IOException allowed to throw there, in case
-          // segments_N is corrupt
-          sis.read(dir, fileName);
-        } catch (FileNotFoundException fnfe) {
-          // LUCENE-948: on NFS (and maybe others), if
-          // you have writers switching back and forth
-          // between machines, it's very likely that the
-          // dir listing will be stale and will claim a
-          // file segments_X exists when in fact it
-          // doesn't.  So, we catch this and handle it
-          // as if the file does not exist
-          sis = null;
-        }
-
-        if (sis != null)
-          commits.add(new ReaderCommit(sis, dir));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return commits;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/IndexReader.java b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/IndexReader.java
--- a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/IndexReader.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/IndexReader.java
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@
   }
 
   private static IndexReader open(final Directory directory, final boolean closeDirectory, final IndexDeletionPolicy deletionPolicy, final IndexCommit commit, final boolean readOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return DirectoryIndexReader.open(directory, closeDirectory, deletionPolicy, commit, readOnly);
+    return MultiSegmentReader.open(directory, closeDirectory, deletionPolicy, commit, readOnly);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@
    * currently locked.
    * @param directory the directory to check for a lock
    * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
-   * @deprecated Please use {@link IndexWriter#isLocked(Directory)} instead
+   * @deprecated Please use {@link IndexWriter#isLockedDirectory)} instead
    */
   public static boolean isLocked(Directory directory) throws IOException {
     return
@@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@
    *  progress while this method is running, that commit
    *  may or may not be returned array.  */
   public static Collection listCommits(Directory dir) throws IOException {
-    return DirectoryIndexReader.listCommits(dir);
+    return MultiSegmentReader.listCommits(dir);
   }
 
   /** Expert: returns the sequential sub readers that this
diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/IndexWriter.java b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/IndexWriter.java
--- a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/IndexWriter.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/IndexWriter.java
@@ -616,7 +616,6 @@
         // synchronized
         // Returns a ref, which we xfer to readerMap:
         sr = SegmentReader.get(info, readBufferSize, doOpenStores);
-        sr.writer = IndexWriter.this;
         readerMap.put(info, sr);
       } else if (doOpenStores) {
         sr.openDocStores();
diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/MultiSegmentReader.java b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/MultiSegmentReader.java
--- a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/MultiSegmentReader.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/MultiSegmentReader.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashMap;
@@ -25,26 +26,94 @@
 import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 
 import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.FieldSelector;
 import org.apache.lucene.search.DefaultSimilarity;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.Lock;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.LockObtainFailedException;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.AlreadyClosedException;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory;
 
 /** 
  * An IndexReader which reads indexes with multiple segments.
  */
-class MultiSegmentReader extends DirectoryIndexReader implements Cloneable {
-  protected SegmentReader[] subReaders;
+class MultiSegmentReader extends IndexReader implements Cloneable {
+  protected Directory directory;
+  protected boolean readOnly;
+  protected boolean closeDirectory;
+
+  IndexWriter writer;
+
+  private IndexDeletionPolicy deletionPolicy;
+  private final HashSet synced = new HashSet();
+  private Lock writeLock;
+  private SegmentInfos segmentInfos;
+  private boolean stale;
+
+  private boolean rollbackHasChanges;
+  private SegmentInfos rollbackSegmentInfos;
+
+  private SegmentReader[] subReaders;
   private int[] starts;                           // 1st docno for each segment
   private Map normsCache = new HashMap();
   private int maxDoc = 0;
   private int numDocs = -1;
   private boolean hasDeletions = false;
 
+  static IndexReader open(final Directory directory, final boolean closeDirectory, final IndexDeletionPolicy deletionPolicy, final IndexCommit commit, final boolean readOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+    SegmentInfos.FindSegmentsFile finder = new SegmentInfos.FindSegmentsFile(directory) {
+
+      protected Object doBody(String segmentFileName) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+
+        SegmentInfos infos = new SegmentInfos();
+        infos.read(directory, segmentFileName);
+
+        if (readOnly)
+          return new ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader(directory, infos, deletionPolicy, closeDirectory);
+        else
+          return new MultiSegmentReader(directory, infos, deletionPolicy, closeDirectory, false);
+      }
+    };
+
+    IndexReader reader = null;
+    try {
+      reader = (IndexReader) finder.run(commit);
+    } finally {
+      // We passed false above for closeDirectory so that
+      // the directory would not be closed before we were
+      // done retrying, so at this point if we truly failed
+      // to open a reader, which means an exception is being
+      // thrown, then close the directory now:
+      if (reader == null && closeDirectory) {
+        try {
+          directory.close();
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+          // suppress, so we keep throwing original failure
+          // from opening the reader
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return reader;
+  }
+
   /** Construct reading the named set of readers. */
-  MultiSegmentReader(Directory directory, SegmentInfos sis, boolean closeDirectory, boolean readOnly) throws IOException {
-    super(directory, sis, closeDirectory, readOnly);
+  MultiSegmentReader(Directory directory, SegmentInfos sis, IndexDeletionPolicy deletionPolicy, boolean closeDirectory, boolean readOnly) throws IOException {
+    this.directory = directory;
+    this.readOnly = readOnly;
+    this.closeDirectory = closeDirectory;
+    this.segmentInfos = sis;
+    this.deletionPolicy = deletionPolicy;
+
+    if (!readOnly) {
+      // We assume that this segments_N was previously
+      // properly sync'd:
+      synced.addAll(sis.files(directory, true));
+    }
 
     // To reduce the chance of hitting FileNotFound
     // (and having to retry), we open segments in
@@ -76,7 +145,15 @@
 
   // Used by near real-time search
   MultiSegmentReader(IndexWriter writer, SegmentInfos infos) throws IOException {
-    super(writer.getDirectory(), infos, false, true);
+    this.directory = writer.getDirectory();
+    this.readOnly = true;
+    this.closeDirectory = false;
+    this.segmentInfos = infos;
+    if (!readOnly) {
+      // We assume that this segments_N was previously
+      // properly sync'd:
+      synced.addAll(infos.files(directory, true));
+    }
 
     // IndexWriter synchronizes externally before calling
     // us, which ensures infos will not change; so there's
@@ -123,7 +200,15 @@
   /** This contructor is only used for {@link #reopen()} */
   MultiSegmentReader(Directory directory, SegmentInfos infos, boolean closeDirectory, SegmentReader[] oldReaders, int[] oldStarts,
                      Map oldNormsCache, boolean readOnly, boolean doClone) throws IOException {
-    super(directory, infos, closeDirectory, readOnly);
+    this.directory = directory;
+    this.readOnly = readOnly;
+    this.closeDirectory = closeDirectory;
+    this.segmentInfos = infos;
+    if (!readOnly) {
+      // We assume that this segments_N was previously
+      // properly sync'd:
+      synced.addAll(infos.files(directory, true));
+    }
 
     // we put the old SegmentReaders in a map, that allows us
     // to lookup a reader using its segment name
@@ -164,20 +249,7 @@
           // this is a new reader; in case we hit an exception we can close it safely
           newReader = SegmentReader.get(readOnly, infos.info(i));
         } else {
-          newReader = (SegmentReader) newReaders[i].reopenSegment(infos.info(i), doClone, readOnly);
-          if (newReader == newReaders[i] && newReaders[i].hasSegmentInfos()) {
-            // Special case when a single-segment reader was
-            // reopened to a multi-segment reader -- we must
-            // get a private clone, to clear its
-            // SegmentInfos, so it does not attempt to
-            // obtain the write lock
-            newReader = (SegmentReader) newReaders[i].clone(readOnly);
-            newReader.init(directory, null, false, readOnly);
-          } 
-
-          // Make sure reopenSegment did not carry over a
-          // segmentInfos instance
-          assert !newReader.hasSegmentInfos();
+          newReader = newReaders[i].reopenSegment(infos.info(i), doClone, readOnly);
         }
         if (newReader == newReaders[i]) {
           // this reader will be shared between the old and the new one,
@@ -263,13 +335,157 @@
     starts[subReaders.length] = maxDoc;
   }
 
-  protected synchronized DirectoryIndexReader doReopen(SegmentInfos infos, boolean doClone, boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    DirectoryIndexReader reader;
-	if (infos.size() == 1) {
-      // The index has only one segment now, so we can't refresh the MultiSegmentReader.
-      // Return a new [ReadOnly]SegmentReader instead
-      reader = SegmentReader.get(openReadOnly, infos, infos.info(0), false);
-    } else if (openReadOnly) {
+  public final synchronized Object clone() {
+    try {
+      return clone(readOnly); // Preserve current readOnly
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public final synchronized IndexReader clone(boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+    MultiSegmentReader newReader = doReopen((SegmentInfos) segmentInfos.clone(), true, openReadOnly);
+
+    if (this != newReader) {
+      newReader.closeDirectory = closeDirectory;
+      newReader.deletionPolicy = deletionPolicy;
+    }
+    newReader.writer = writer;
+    // If we're cloning a non-readOnly reader, move the
+    // writeLock (if there is one) to the new reader:
+    if (!openReadOnly && writeLock != null) {
+      // In near real-time search, reader is always readonly
+      assert writer == null;
+      newReader.writeLock = writeLock;
+      newReader.hasChanges = hasChanges;
+      newReader.hasDeletions = hasDeletions;
+      writeLock = null;
+      hasChanges = false;
+    }
+
+    return newReader;
+  }
+
+  public final synchronized IndexReader reopen() throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+    // Preserve current readOnly
+    return doReopen(readOnly, null);
+  }
+
+  public final synchronized IndexReader reopen(boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+    return doReopen(openReadOnly, null);
+  }
+
+  public final synchronized IndexReader reopen(final IndexCommit commit) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+    return doReopen(true, commit);
+  }
+
+  private synchronized IndexReader doReopen(final boolean openReadOnly, IndexCommit commit) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+    ensureOpen();
+
+    assert commit == null || openReadOnly;
+
+    // If we were obtained by writer.getReader(), re-ask the
+    // writer to get a new reader.
+    if (writer != null) {
+      assert readOnly;
+
+      if (!openReadOnly) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("a reader obtained from IndexWriter.getReader() can only be reopened with openReadOnly=true (got false)");
+      }
+
+      if (commit != null) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("a reader obtained from IndexWriter.getReader() cannot currently accept a commit");
+      }
+
+      if (!writer.isOpen(true)) {
+        throw new AlreadyClosedException("cannot reopen: the IndexWriter this reader was obtained from is now closed");
+      }
+
+      // TODO: right now we *always* make a new reader; in
+      // the future we could have write make some effort to
+      // detect that no changes have occurred
+      IndexReader reader = writer.getReader();
+      reader.setDisableFakeNorms(getDisableFakeNorms());
+      return reader;
+    }
+
+    if (commit == null) {
+      if (hasChanges) {
+        // We have changes, which means we are not readOnly:
+        assert readOnly == false;
+        // and we hold the write lock:
+        assert writeLock != null;
+        // so no other writer holds the write lock, which
+        // means no changes could have been done to the index:
+        assert isCurrent();
+
+        if (openReadOnly) {
+          return (IndexReader) clone(openReadOnly);
+        } else {
+          return this;
+        }
+      } else if (isCurrent()) {
+        if (openReadOnly != readOnly) {
+          // Just fallback to clone
+          return (IndexReader) clone(openReadOnly);
+        } else {
+          return this;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (directory != commit.getDirectory())
+        throw new IOException("the specified commit does not match the specified Directory");
+      if (segmentInfos != null && commit.getSegmentsFileName().equals(segmentInfos.getCurrentSegmentFileName())) {
+        if (readOnly != openReadOnly) {
+          // Just fallback to clone
+          return (IndexReader) clone(openReadOnly);
+        } else {
+          return this;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    final SegmentInfos.FindSegmentsFile finder = new SegmentInfos.FindSegmentsFile(directory) {
+
+      protected Object doBody(String segmentFileName) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+        SegmentInfos infos = new SegmentInfos();
+        infos.read(directory, segmentFileName);
+        return doReopen(infos, false, openReadOnly);
+      }
+    };
+
+    MultiSegmentReader reader = null;
+
+    // While trying to reopen, we temporarily mark our
+    // closeDirectory as false.  This way any exceptions hit
+    // partway while opening the reader, which is expected
+    // eg if writer is committing, won't close our
+    // directory.  We restore this value below:
+    final boolean myCloseDirectory = closeDirectory;
+    closeDirectory = false;
+
+    try {
+      reader = (MultiSegmentReader) finder.run(commit);
+    } finally {
+      if (myCloseDirectory) {
+        assert directory instanceof FSDirectory;
+        // Restore my closeDirectory
+        closeDirectory = true;
+        if (reader != null && reader != this) {
+          // Success, and a new reader was actually opened
+          reader.closeDirectory = true;
+          // Clone the directory
+          reader.directory = FSDirectory.getDirectory(((FSDirectory) directory).getFile());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return reader;
+  }
+
+  private synchronized MultiSegmentReader doReopen(SegmentInfos infos, boolean doClone, boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+    MultiSegmentReader reader;
+	  if (openReadOnly) {
       reader = new ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader(directory, infos, closeDirectory, subReaders, starts, normsCache, doClone);
     } else {
       reader = new MultiSegmentReader(directory, infos, closeDirectory, subReaders, starts, normsCache, false, doClone);
@@ -278,6 +494,12 @@
     return reader;
   }
 
+  /** Version number when this IndexReader was opened. */
+  public long getVersion() {
+    ensureOpen();
+    return segmentInfos.getVersion();
+  }
+
   public TermFreqVector[] getTermFreqVectors(int n) throws IOException {
     ensureOpen();
     int i = readerIndex(n);        // find segment num
@@ -304,8 +526,13 @@
     subReaders[i].getTermFreqVector(docNumber - starts[i], mapper);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Checks is the index is optimized (if it has a single segment and no deletions)
+   * @return <code>true</code> if the index is optimized; <code>false</code> otherwise
+   */
   public boolean isOptimized() {
-    return false;
+    ensureOpen();
+    return segmentInfos.size() == 1 && !hasDeletions();
   }
   
   public synchronized int numDocs() {
@@ -463,31 +690,185 @@
     return new MultiTermPositions(this, subReaders, starts);
   }
 
-  protected void commitChanges() throws IOException {
-    for (int i = 0; i < subReaders.length; i++)
-      subReaders[i].commit();
+  /**
+   * Tries to acquire the WriteLock on this directory. this method is only valid if this IndexReader is directory
+   * owner.
+   *
+   * @throws StaleReaderException  if the index has changed since this reader was opened
+   * @throws CorruptIndexException if the index is corrupt
+   * @throws org.apache.lucene.store.LockObtainFailedException
+   *                               if another writer has this index open (<code>write.lock</code> could not be
+   *                               obtained)
+   * @throws IOException           if there is a low-level IO error
+   */
+  protected void acquireWriteLock() throws StaleReaderException, CorruptIndexException, LockObtainFailedException, IOException {
+
+    if (readOnly) {
+      // NOTE: we should not reach this code w/ the core
+      // IndexReader classes; however, an external subclass
+      // of IndexReader could reach this.
+      ReadOnlySegmentReader.noWrite();
+    }
+
+    if (segmentInfos != null) {
+      ensureOpen();
+      if (stale)
+        throw new StaleReaderException("IndexReader out of date and no longer valid for delete, undelete, or setNorm operations");
+
+      if (writeLock == null) {
+        Lock writeLock = directory.makeLock(IndexWriter.WRITE_LOCK_NAME);
+        if (!writeLock.obtain(IndexWriter.WRITE_LOCK_TIMEOUT)) // obtain write lock
+          throw new LockObtainFailedException("Index locked for write: " + writeLock);
+        this.writeLock = writeLock;
+
+        // we have to check whether index has changed since this reader was opened.
+        // if so, this reader is no longer valid for deletion
+        if (SegmentInfos.readCurrentVersion(directory) > segmentInfos.getVersion()) {
+          stale = true;
+          this.writeLock.release();
+          this.writeLock = null;
+          throw new StaleReaderException("IndexReader out of date and no longer valid for delete, undelete, or setNorm operations");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** @deprecated  */
+  protected void doCommit() throws IOException {
+    doCommit(null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Commit changes resulting from delete, undeleteAll, or setNorm operations
+   * <p/>
+   * If an exception is hit, then either no changes or all changes will have been committed to the index (transactional
+   * semantics).
+   *
+   * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
+   */
+  protected void doCommit(Map commitUserData) throws IOException {
+    if (hasChanges) {
+      segmentInfos.setUserData(commitUserData);
+      // Default deleter (for backwards compatibility) is
+      // KeepOnlyLastCommitDeleter:
+      IndexFileDeleter deleter = new IndexFileDeleter(directory,
+                                                      deletionPolicy == null ? new KeepOnlyLastCommitDeletionPolicy() : deletionPolicy,
+                                                      segmentInfos, null, null);
+
+      // Checkpoint the state we are about to change, in
+      // case we have to roll back:
+      startCommit();
+
+      boolean success = false;
+      try {
+        for (int i = 0; i < subReaders.length; i++)
+          subReaders[i].commit();
+
+        // Sync all files we just wrote
+        Iterator it = segmentInfos.files(directory, false).iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+          final String fileName = (String) it.next();
+          if (!synced.contains(fileName)) {
+            assert directory.fileExists(fileName);
+            directory.sync(fileName);
+            synced.add(fileName);
+          }
+        }
+
+        segmentInfos.commit(directory);
+        success = true;
+      } finally {
+
+        if (!success) {
+
+          // Rollback changes that were made to
+          // SegmentInfos but failed to get [fully]
+          // committed.  This way this reader instance
+          // remains consistent (matched to what's
+          // actually in the index):
+          rollbackCommit();
+
+          // Recompute deletable files & remove them (so
+          // partially written .del files, etc, are
+          // removed):
+          deleter.refresh();
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Have the deleter remove any now unreferenced
+      // files due to this commit:
+      deleter.checkpoint(segmentInfos, true);
+      deleter.close();
+
+      if (writeLock != null) {
+        writeLock.release();  // release write lock
+        writeLock = null;
+      }
+    }
+    hasChanges = false;
   }
 
   void startCommit() {
-    super.startCommit();
+    rollbackHasChanges = hasChanges;
+    rollbackSegmentInfos = (SegmentInfos) segmentInfos.clone();
     for (int i = 0; i < subReaders.length; i++) {
       subReaders[i].startCommit();
     }
   }
 
   void rollbackCommit() {
-    super.rollbackCommit();
+    hasChanges = rollbackHasChanges;
+    for (int i = 0; i < segmentInfos.size(); i++) {
+      // Rollback each segmentInfo.  Because the
+      // SegmentReader holds a reference to the
+      // SegmentInfo we can't [easily] just replace
+      // segmentInfos, so we reset it in place instead:
+      segmentInfos.info(i).reset(rollbackSegmentInfos.info(i));
+    }
+    rollbackSegmentInfos = null;
     for (int i = 0; i < subReaders.length; i++) {
       subReaders[i].rollbackCommit();
     }
   }
 
+  /** Release the write lock, if needed. */
+  protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
+    try {
+      if (writeLock != null) {
+        writeLock.release();                        // release write lock
+        writeLock = null;
+      }
+    } finally {
+      super.finalize();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public Map getCommitUserData() {
+    ensureOpen();
+    return segmentInfos.getUserData();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check whether this IndexReader is still using the current (i.e., most recently committed) version of the index.  If
+   * a writer has committed any changes to the index since this reader was opened, this will return <code>false</code>,
+   * in which case you must open a new IndexReader in order to see the changes.  See the description of the <a
+   * href="IndexWriter.html#autoCommit"><code>autoCommit</code></a> flag which controls when the {@link IndexWriter}
+   * actually commits changes to the index.
+   *
+   * @throws CorruptIndexException if the index is corrupt
+   * @throws IOException           if there is a low-level IO error
+   */
+  public boolean isCurrent() throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+    ensureOpen();
+    return SegmentInfos.readCurrentVersion(directory) == segmentInfos.getVersion();
+  }
+
   protected synchronized void doClose() throws IOException {
     for (int i = 0; i < subReaders.length; i++)
       subReaders[i].decRef();
-    
-    // maybe close directory
-    super.doClose();
+
+    if (closeDirectory)
+      directory.close();
   }
 
   public Collection getFieldNames (IndexReader.FieldOption fieldNames) {
@@ -528,6 +909,119 @@
         subReaders[i].setDisableFakeNorms(disableFakeNorms);
   }
 
+  /** Returns the directory this index resides in. */
+  public Directory directory() {
+    // Don't ensureOpen here -- in certain cases, when a
+    // cloned/reopened reader needs to commit, it may call
+    // this method on the closed original reader
+    return directory;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Expert: return the IndexCommit that this reader has opened.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p><b>WARNING</b>: this API is new and experimental and may suddenly change.</p>
+   */
+  public IndexCommit getIndexCommit() throws IOException {
+    return new ReaderCommit(segmentInfos, directory);
+  }
+
+  /** @see org.apache.lucene.index.IndexReader#listCommits */
+  public static Collection listCommits(Directory dir) throws IOException {
+    final String[] files = dir.listAll();
+
+    Collection commits = new ArrayList();
+
+    SegmentInfos latest = new SegmentInfos();
+    latest.read(dir);
+    final long currentGen = latest.getGeneration();
+
+    commits.add(new ReaderCommit(latest, dir));
+
+    for(int i=0;i<files.length;i++) {
+
+      final String fileName = files[i];
+
+      if (fileName.startsWith(IndexFileNames.SEGMENTS) &&
+          !fileName.equals(IndexFileNames.SEGMENTS_GEN) &&
+          SegmentInfos.generationFromSegmentsFileName(fileName) < currentGen) {
+
+        SegmentInfos sis = new SegmentInfos();
+        try {
+          // IOException allowed to throw there, in case
+          // segments_N is corrupt
+          sis.read(dir, fileName);
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException fnfe) {
+          // LUCENE-948: on NFS (and maybe others), if
+          // you have writers switching back and forth
+          // between machines, it's very likely that the
+          // dir listing will be stale and will claim a
+          // file segments_X exists when in fact it
+          // doesn't.  So, we catch this and handle it
+          // as if the file does not exist
+          sis = null;
+        }
+
+        if (sis != null)
+          commits.add(new ReaderCommit(sis, dir));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return commits;
+  }
+
+  private static final class ReaderCommit extends IndexCommit {
+    private String segmentsFileName;
+    Collection files;
+    Directory dir;
+    long generation;
+    long version;
+    final boolean isOptimized;
+    final Map userData;
+
+    ReaderCommit(SegmentInfos infos, Directory dir) throws IOException {
+      segmentsFileName = infos.getCurrentSegmentFileName();
+      this.dir = dir;
+      userData = infos.getUserData();
+      files = Collections.unmodifiableCollection(infos.files(dir, true));
+      version = infos.getVersion();
+      generation = infos.getGeneration();
+      isOptimized = infos.size() == 1 && !infos.info(0).hasDeletions();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isOptimized() {
+      return isOptimized;
+    }
+
+    public String getSegmentsFileName() {
+      return segmentsFileName;
+    }
+
+    public Collection getFileNames() {
+      return files;
+    }
+
+    public Directory getDirectory() {
+      return dir;
+    }
+
+    public long getVersion() {
+      return version;
+    }
+
+    public long getGeneration() {
+      return generation;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDeleted() {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    public Map getUserData() {
+      return userData;
+    }
+  }
+
   static class MultiTermEnum extends TermEnum {
     IndexReader topReader; // used for matching TermEnum to TermDocs
     private SegmentMergeQueue queue;
diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader.java b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader.java
--- a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader.java
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
 import java.util.Map;
 
 class ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader extends MultiSegmentReader {
-  ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader(Directory directory, SegmentInfos sis, boolean closeDirectory) throws IOException {
-    super(directory, sis, closeDirectory, true);
+  ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader(Directory directory, SegmentInfos sis, IndexDeletionPolicy deletionPolicy, boolean closeDirectory) throws IOException {
+    super(directory, sis, deletionPolicy, closeDirectory, true);
   }
 
   ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader(Directory directory, SegmentInfos infos, boolean closeDirectory, SegmentReader[] oldReaders, int[] oldStarts, Map oldNormsCache, boolean doClone) throws IOException {
diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/SegmentInfos.java b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/SegmentInfos.java
--- a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/SegmentInfos.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/SegmentInfos.java
@@ -535,6 +535,16 @@
     }
 
     public Object run() throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+      return run(null);
+    }
+    
+    public Object run(IndexCommit commit) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+      if (commit != null) {
+        if (directory != commit.getDirectory())
+          throw new IOException("the specified commit does not match the specified Directory");
+        return doBody(commit.getSegmentsFileName());
+      }
+
       String segmentFileName = null;
       long lastGen = -1;
       long gen = 0;
diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/SegmentReader.java b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/SegmentReader.java
--- a/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/SegmentReader.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/SegmentReader.java
@@ -38,10 +38,11 @@
 import org.apache.lucene.util.BitVector;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.CloseableThreadLocal;
 
-/**
- * @version $Id$
- */
-class SegmentReader extends DirectoryIndexReader {
+/** @version $Id$ */
+class SegmentReader extends IndexReader implements Cloneable {
+  protected Directory directory;
+  protected boolean readOnly;
+
   private String segment;
   private SegmentInfo si;
   private int readBufferSize;
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@
   private boolean normsDirty = false;
   private int pendingDeleteCount;
 
+  private boolean rollbackHasChanges = false;
   private boolean rollbackDeletedDocsDirty = false;
   private boolean rollbackNormsDirty = false;
   private int rollbackPendingDeleteCount;
@@ -378,7 +380,7 @@
    * @deprecated
    */
   public static SegmentReader get(SegmentInfo si) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return get(false, si.dir, si, null, false, false, BufferedIndexInput.BUFFER_SIZE, true);
+    return get(false, si.dir, si, BufferedIndexInput.BUFFER_SIZE, true);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -386,25 +388,7 @@
    * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
    */
   public static SegmentReader get(boolean readOnly, SegmentInfo si) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return get(readOnly, si.dir, si, null, false, false, BufferedIndexInput.BUFFER_SIZE, true);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @throws CorruptIndexException if the index is corrupt
-   * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
-   * @deprecated
-   */
-  static SegmentReader get(SegmentInfo si, boolean doOpenStores) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return get(false, si.dir, si, null, false, false, BufferedIndexInput.BUFFER_SIZE, doOpenStores);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @throws CorruptIndexException if the index is corrupt
-   * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
-   * @deprecated
-   */
-  public static SegmentReader get(SegmentInfo si, int readBufferSize) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return get(false, si.dir, si, null, false, false, readBufferSize, true);
+    return get(readOnly, si.dir, si, BufferedIndexInput.BUFFER_SIZE, true);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -413,37 +397,7 @@
    * @deprecated
    */
   static SegmentReader get(SegmentInfo si, int readBufferSize, boolean doOpenStores) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return get(false, si.dir, si, null, false, false, readBufferSize, doOpenStores);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @throws CorruptIndexException if the index is corrupt
-   * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
-   */
-  static SegmentReader get(boolean readOnly, SegmentInfo si, int readBufferSize, boolean doOpenStores) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return get(readOnly, si.dir, si, null, false, false, readBufferSize, doOpenStores);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @throws CorruptIndexException if the index is corrupt
-   * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
-   */
-  public static SegmentReader get(boolean readOnly, SegmentInfos sis, SegmentInfo si,
-                                  boolean closeDir) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return get(readOnly, si.dir, si, sis, closeDir, true, BufferedIndexInput.BUFFER_SIZE, true);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @throws CorruptIndexException if the index is corrupt
-   * @throws IOException if there is a low-level IO error
-   * @deprecated
-   */
-  public static SegmentReader get(Directory dir, SegmentInfo si,
-                                  SegmentInfos sis,
-                                  boolean closeDir, boolean ownDir,
-                                  int readBufferSize)
-    throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    return get(false, dir, si, sis, closeDir, ownDir, readBufferSize, true);
+    return get(false, si.dir, si, readBufferSize, doOpenStores);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -453,8 +407,6 @@
   public static SegmentReader get(boolean readOnly,
                                   Directory dir,
                                   SegmentInfo si,
-                                  SegmentInfos sis,
-                                  boolean closeDir, boolean ownDir,
                                   int readBufferSize,
                                   boolean doOpenStores)
     throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
@@ -467,8 +419,57 @@
     } catch (Exception e) {
       throw new RuntimeException("cannot load SegmentReader class: " + e, e);
     }
-    instance.init(dir, sis, closeDir, readOnly);
-    instance.initialize(si, readBufferSize, doOpenStores);
+    instance.directory = dir;
+    instance.readOnly = readOnly;
+    instance.segment = si.name;
+    instance.si = si;
+    instance.readBufferSize = readBufferSize;
+
+    boolean success = false;
+
+    try {
+      // Use compound file directory for some files, if it exists
+      Directory cfsDir = instance.directory();
+      if (si.getUseCompoundFile()) {
+        instance.cfsReader = new CompoundFileReader(instance.directory(), instance.segment + "." + IndexFileNames.COMPOUND_FILE_EXTENSION, readBufferSize);
+        cfsDir = instance.cfsReader;
+      }
+
+      instance.fieldInfos = new FieldInfos(cfsDir, instance.segment + ".fnm");
+
+      if (doOpenStores) {
+        instance.openDocStores();
+      }
+
+      boolean anyProx = false;
+      final int numFields = instance.fieldInfos.size();
+      for(int i=0;!anyProx && i<numFields;i++)
+        if (!instance.fieldInfos.fieldInfo(i).omitTermFreqAndPositions)
+          anyProx = true;
+
+      instance.tis = new TermInfosReader(cfsDir, instance.segment, instance.fieldInfos, readBufferSize);
+
+      instance.loadDeletedDocs();
+
+      // make sure that all index files have been read or are kept open
+      // so that if an index update removes them we'll still have them
+      instance.freqStream = cfsDir.openInput(instance.segment + ".frq", readBufferSize);
+      if (anyProx)
+        instance.proxStream = cfsDir.openInput(instance.segment + ".prx", readBufferSize);
+      instance.openNorms(cfsDir, readBufferSize);
+
+      success = true;
+    } finally {
+
+      // With lock-less commits, it's entirely possible (and
+      // fine) to hit a FileNotFound exception above.  In
+      // this case, we want to explicitly close any subset
+      // of things that were opened so that we don't have to
+      // wait for a GC to do so.
+      if (!success) {
+        instance.doClose();
+      }
+    }
     return instance;
   }
 
@@ -521,58 +522,6 @@
     }
   }
 
-  private void initialize(SegmentInfo si, int readBufferSize, boolean doOpenStores) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    segment = si.name;
-    this.si = si;
-    this.readBufferSize = readBufferSize;
-
-    boolean success = false;
-
-    try {
-      // Use compound file directory for some files, if it exists
-      Directory cfsDir = directory();
-      if (si.getUseCompoundFile()) {
-        cfsReader = new CompoundFileReader(directory(), segment + "." + IndexFileNames.COMPOUND_FILE_EXTENSION, readBufferSize);
-        cfsDir = cfsReader;
-      }
-
-      fieldInfos = new FieldInfos(cfsDir, segment + ".fnm");
-
-      if (doOpenStores) {
-        openDocStores();
-      }
-
-      boolean anyProx = false;
-      final int numFields = fieldInfos.size();
-      for(int i=0;!anyProx && i<numFields;i++)
-        if (!fieldInfos.fieldInfo(i).omitTermFreqAndPositions)
-          anyProx = true;
-
-      tis = new TermInfosReader(cfsDir, segment, fieldInfos, readBufferSize);
-      
-      loadDeletedDocs();
-
-      // make sure that all index files have been read or are kept open
-      // so that if an index update removes them we'll still have them
-      freqStream = cfsDir.openInput(segment + ".frq", readBufferSize);
-      if (anyProx)
-        proxStream = cfsDir.openInput(segment + ".prx", readBufferSize);
-      openNorms(cfsDir, readBufferSize);
-
-      success = true;
-    } finally {
-
-      // With lock-less commits, it's entirely possible (and
-      // fine) to hit a FileNotFound exception above.  In
-      // this case, we want to explicitly close any subset
-      // of things that were opened so that we don't have to
-      // wait for a GC to do so.
-      if (!success) {
-        doClose();
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  
   private void loadDeletedDocs() throws IOException {
     // NOTE: the bitvector is stored using the regular directory, not cfs
     if (hasDeletions(si)) {
@@ -611,35 +560,18 @@
     return (BitVector)bv.clone();
   }
 
-  protected synchronized DirectoryIndexReader doReopen(SegmentInfos infos, boolean doClone, boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
-    DirectoryIndexReader newReader;
+  public final synchronized Object clone() {
+    try {
+      return clone(readOnly); // Preserve current readOnly
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+    }
+  }
 
-    if (infos == null) {
-      if (doClone) {
-        // OK: directly clone myself
-        newReader = reopenSegment(si, doClone, openReadOnly);
-      } else {
-        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("cannot reopen a standalone SegmentReader");
-      }
-    } else if (infos.size() == 1) {
-      SegmentInfo si = infos.info(0);
-      if (segment.equals(si.name) && si.getUseCompoundFile() == SegmentReader.this.si.getUseCompoundFile()) {
-        newReader = reopenSegment(si, doClone, openReadOnly);
-      } else { 
-        // segment not referenced anymore, reopen not possible
-        // or segment format changed
-        newReader = SegmentReader.get(openReadOnly, infos, infos.info(0), false);
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (openReadOnly)
-        newReader = new ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader(directory, infos, closeDirectory, new SegmentReader[] {this}, null, null, doClone);
-      else
-        newReader = new MultiSegmentReader(directory, infos, closeDirectory, new SegmentReader[] {this}, null, null, false, doClone);
-    }
-    newReader.setDisableFakeNorms(getDisableFakeNorms());
-    return newReader;
+  public final synchronized IndexReader clone(boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+    return reopenSegment(si, true, openReadOnly);
   }
-  
+
   synchronized SegmentReader reopenSegment(SegmentInfo si, boolean doClone, boolean openReadOnly) throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
     boolean deletionsUpToDate = (this.si.hasDeletions() == si.hasDeletions()) 
                                   && (!si.hasDeletions() || this.si.getDelFileName().equals(si.getDelFileName()));
@@ -752,35 +684,42 @@
     return clone;
   }
 
-  protected void commitChanges() throws IOException {
+  /** @deprecated  */
+  protected void doCommit() throws IOException {
+    doCommit(null);
+  }
 
-    if (deletedDocsDirty) {               // re-write deleted
-      si.advanceDelGen();
+  protected void doCommit(Map commitUserData) throws IOException {
+    if (hasChanges) {
+      if (deletedDocsDirty) {               // re-write deleted
+        si.advanceDelGen();
 
-      // We can write directly to the actual name (vs to a
-      // .tmp & renaming it) because the file is not live
-      // until segments file is written:
-      deletedDocs.write(directory(), si.getDelFileName());
-      
-      si.setDelCount(si.getDelCount()+pendingDeleteCount);
-      pendingDeleteCount = 0;
-      assert deletedDocs.count() == si.getDelCount(): "delete count mismatch during commit: info=" + si.getDelCount() + " vs BitVector=" + deletedDocs.count();
-    } else {
-      assert pendingDeleteCount == 0;
-    }
+        // We can write directly to the actual name (vs to a
+        // .tmp & renaming it) because the file is not live
+        // until segments file is written:
+        deletedDocs.write(directory(), si.getDelFileName());
 
-    if (normsDirty) {               // re-write norms
-      si.setNumFields(fieldInfos.size());
-      Iterator it = norms.values().iterator();
-      while (it.hasNext()) {
-        Norm norm = (Norm) it.next();
-        if (norm.dirty) {
-          norm.reWrite(si);
+        si.setDelCount(si.getDelCount()+pendingDeleteCount);
+        pendingDeleteCount = 0;
+        assert deletedDocs.count() == si.getDelCount(): "delete count mismatch during commit: info=" + si.getDelCount() + " vs BitVector=" + deletedDocs.count();
+      } else {
+        assert pendingDeleteCount == 0;
+      }
+
+      if (normsDirty) {               // re-write norms
+        si.setNumFields(fieldInfos.size());
+        Iterator it = norms.values().iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+          Norm norm = (Norm) it.next();
+          if (norm.dirty) {
+            norm.reWrite(si);
+          }
         }
       }
+      deletedDocsDirty = false;
+      normsDirty = false;
+      hasChanges = false;
     }
-    deletedDocsDirty = false;
-    normsDirty = false;
   }
 
   FieldsReader getFieldsReader() {
@@ -788,7 +727,6 @@
   }
   
   protected void doClose() throws IOException {
-
     termVectorsLocal.close();
     fieldsReaderLocal.close();
     
@@ -825,12 +763,6 @@
       if (storeCFSReader != null)
         storeCFSReader.close();
     }
-
-    // In DirectoryIndexReader.reopen, our directory
-    // instance was made private to us (cloned), so we
-    // always call super.doClose to possibly close the
-    // directory:
-    super.doClose();
   }
 
   static boolean hasDeletions(SegmentInfo si) throws IOException {
@@ -1254,7 +1186,7 @@
   }
 
   void startCommit() {
-    super.startCommit();
+    rollbackHasChanges = hasChanges;
     rollbackDeletedDocsDirty = deletedDocsDirty;
     rollbackNormsDirty = normsDirty;
     rollbackPendingDeleteCount = pendingDeleteCount;
@@ -1266,7 +1198,7 @@
   }
 
   void rollbackCommit() {
-    super.rollbackCommit();
+    hasChanges = rollbackHasChanges;
     deletedDocsDirty = rollbackDeletedDocsDirty;
     normsDirty = rollbackNormsDirty;
     pendingDeleteCount = rollbackPendingDeleteCount;
@@ -1277,6 +1209,14 @@
     }
   }
 
+  /** Returns the directory this index resides in. */
+  public Directory directory() {
+    // Don't ensureOpen here -- in certain cases, when a
+    // cloned/reopened reader needs to commit, it may call
+    // this method on the closed original reader
+    return directory;
+  }
+
   // This is necessary so that cloned SegmentReaders (which
   // share the underlying postings data) will map to the
   // same entry in the FieldCache.  See LUCENE-1579.
@@ -1287,4 +1227,28 @@
   public long getUniqueTermCount() {
     return tis.size();
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Lotsa tests did hacks like:<br/>
+   * SegmentReader reader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir);<br/>
+   * They broke. This method serves as a hack to keep hacks working
+   */
+  static SegmentReader getOnlySegmentReader(Directory dir) throws IOException {
+    return getOnlySegmentReader(IndexReader.open(dir));
+  }
+
+  static SegmentReader getOnlySegmentReader(IndexReader reader) {
+    if (reader instanceof SegmentReader)
+      return (SegmentReader) reader;
+
+    if (reader instanceof MultiSegmentReader) {
+      IndexReader[] subReaders = reader.getSequentialSubReaders();
+      if (subReaders.length != 1)
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(reader + " has " + subReaders.length + " segments instead of exactly one");
+
+      return (SegmentReader) subReaders[0];
+    }
+
+    throw new IllegalArgumentException(reader + " is not a SegmentReader or a single-segment MultiSegmentReader");
+  }
 }
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestDocumentWriter.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestDocumentWriter.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestDocumentWriter.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestDocumentWriter.java
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
 
     _TestUtil.checkIndex(dir);
 
-    SegmentReader reader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir);
+    SegmentReader reader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(dir);
     FieldInfos fi = reader.fieldInfos();
     // f1
     assertFalse("f1 should have no norms", reader.hasNorms("f1"));
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReader.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReader.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReader.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReader.java
@@ -1675,8 +1675,7 @@
     writer.close();
 
     // Open reader
-    IndexReader r = IndexReader.open(dir);
-    assertTrue(r instanceof SegmentReader);
+    IndexReader r = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(dir);
     final int[] ints = FieldCache.DEFAULT.getInts(r, "number");
     assertEquals(1, ints.length);
     assertEquals(17, ints[0]);
@@ -1685,7 +1684,6 @@
     IndexReader r2 = (IndexReader) r.clone();
     r.close();
     assertTrue(r2 != r);
-    assertTrue(r2 instanceof SegmentReader);
     final int[] ints2 = FieldCache.DEFAULT.getInts(r2, "number");
     r2.close();
 
@@ -1709,8 +1707,8 @@
 
     // Open reader1
     IndexReader r = IndexReader.open(dir);
-    assertTrue(r instanceof SegmentReader);
-    final int[] ints = FieldCache.DEFAULT.getInts(r, "number");
+    IndexReader r1 = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(r);
+    final int[] ints = FieldCache.DEFAULT.getInts(r1, "number");
     assertEquals(1, ints.length);
     assertEquals(17, ints[0]);
 
@@ -1719,11 +1717,9 @@
     writer.commit();
 
     // Reopen reader1 --> reader2
-    IndexReader r2 = (IndexReader) r.reopen();
+    IndexReader r2 = r.reopen();
     r.close();
-    assertTrue(r2 instanceof MultiSegmentReader);
     IndexReader sub0 = r2.getSequentialSubReaders()[0];
-    assertTrue(sub0 instanceof SegmentReader);
     final int[] ints2 = FieldCache.DEFAULT.getInts(sub0, "number");
     r2.close();
     assertTrue(ints == ints2);
@@ -1743,14 +1739,15 @@
 
     // Open reader1
     IndexReader r = IndexReader.open(dir);
-    assertTrue(r instanceof SegmentReader);
-    final int[] ints = FieldCache.DEFAULT.getInts(r, "number");
+    assertTrue(r instanceof MultiSegmentReader);
+    IndexReader r1 = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(r);
+    final int[] ints = FieldCache.DEFAULT.getInts(r1, "number");
     assertEquals(1, ints.length);
     assertEquals(17, ints[0]);
 
     // Reopen to readonly w/ no chnages
-    IndexReader r3 = (IndexReader) r.reopen(true);
-    assertTrue(r3 instanceof ReadOnlySegmentReader);
+    IndexReader r3 = r.reopen(true);
+    assertTrue(r3 instanceof ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader);
     r3.close();
 
     // Add new segment
@@ -1758,9 +1755,9 @@
     writer.commit();
 
     // Reopen reader1 --> reader2
-    IndexReader r2 = (IndexReader) r.reopen(true);
+    IndexReader r2 = r.reopen(true);
     r.close();
-    assertTrue(r2 instanceof MultiSegmentReader);
+    assertTrue(r2 instanceof ReadOnlyMultiSegmentReader);
     IndexReader[] subs = r2.getSequentialSubReaders();
     final int[] ints2 = FieldCache.DEFAULT.getInts(subs[0], "number");
     r2.close();
@@ -1784,7 +1781,8 @@
     writer.commit();
 
     IndexReader r = IndexReader.open(dir);
-    assertEquals(36, r.getUniqueTermCount());
+    IndexReader r1 = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(r);
+    assertEquals(36, r1.getUniqueTermCount());
     writer.addDocument(doc);
     writer.commit();
     IndexReader r2 = r.reopen();
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderClone.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderClone.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderClone.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderClone.java
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, false);
     IndexReader reader = IndexReader.open(dir1);
-    IndexReader readOnlyReader = (IndexReader) reader.clone(true);
+    IndexReader readOnlyReader = reader.clone(true);
     if (!isReadOnly(readOnlyReader)) {
       fail("reader isn't read only");
     }
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, true);
     IndexReader r1 = IndexReader.open(dir1, false);
-    DirectoryIndexReader r2 = (DirectoryIndexReader) r1.clone(false);
+    IndexReader r2 = r1.clone(false);
     if (!deleteWorked(1, r2)) {
       fail("deleting from the cloned should have worked");
     }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, true);
     IndexReader r1 = IndexReader.open(dir1, false);
-    DirectoryIndexReader r2 = (DirectoryIndexReader) r1.clone(false);
+    IndexReader r2 = r1.clone(false);
     if (!deleteWorked(1, r1)) {
       fail("deleting from the original should have worked");
     }
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
 
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, true);
     IndexReader r1 = IndexReader.open(dir1, false);
-    DirectoryIndexReader r2 = (DirectoryIndexReader) r1.clone(false);
+    IndexReader r2 = r1.clone(false);
     if (!deleteWorked(1, r2)) {
       fail("deleting from the original should have worked");
     }
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
 
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, true);
     IndexReader reader = IndexReader.open(dir1, false);
-    DirectoryIndexReader readOnlyReader = (DirectoryIndexReader) reader.clone(true);
+    IndexReader readOnlyReader = reader.clone(true);
     if (!isReadOnly(readOnlyReader)) {
       fail("reader isn't read only");
     }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
     assertTrue(deleteWorked(1, reader));
     assertEquals(docCount-1, reader.numDocs());
 
-    DirectoryIndexReader readOnlyReader = (DirectoryIndexReader) reader.reopen(true);
+    IndexReader readOnlyReader = reader.reopen(true);
     if (!isReadOnly(readOnlyReader)) {
       fail("reader isn't read only");
     }
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, true);
     IndexReader reader1 = IndexReader.open(dir1, true);
 
-    DirectoryIndexReader reader2 = (DirectoryIndexReader) reader1.clone(false);
+    IndexReader reader2 = reader1.clone(false);
     if (isReadOnly(reader2)) {
       fail("reader should not be read only");
     }
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
 
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, true);
     IndexReader reader = IndexReader.open(dir1);
-    IndexReader readOnlyReader = (IndexReader) reader.clone(true);
+    IndexReader readOnlyReader = reader.clone(true);
     if (!isReadOnly(readOnlyReader)) {
       fail("reader isn't read only");
     }
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@
   public void testSegmentReaderUndeleteall() throws Exception {
     final Directory dir1 = new MockRAMDirectory();
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, false);
-    SegmentReader origSegmentReader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    SegmentReader origSegmentReader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(dir1);
     origSegmentReader.deleteDocument(10);
     assertDelDocsRefCountEquals(1, origSegmentReader);
     origSegmentReader.undeleteAll();
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
   public void testSegmentReaderCloseReferencing() throws Exception {
     final Directory dir1 = new MockRAMDirectory();
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, false);
-    SegmentReader origSegmentReader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    SegmentReader origSegmentReader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(dir1);
     origSegmentReader.deleteDocument(1);
     origSegmentReader.setNorm(4, "field1", 0.5f);
 
@@ -339,23 +339,25 @@
   public void testSegmentReaderDelDocsReferenceCounting() throws Exception {
     final Directory dir1 = new MockRAMDirectory();
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, false);
-    SegmentReader origSegmentReader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
+
+    IndexReader origReader = IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    SegmentReader origSegmentReader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(origReader);
     // deletedDocsRef should be null because nothing has updated yet
     assertNull(origSegmentReader.deletedDocsRef);
 
     // we deleted a document, so there is now a deletedDocs bitvector and a
     // reference to it
-    origSegmentReader.deleteDocument(1);
+    origReader.deleteDocument(1);
     assertDelDocsRefCountEquals(1, origSegmentReader);
 
     // the cloned segmentreader should have 2 references, 1 to itself, and 1 to
     // the original segmentreader
-    SegmentReader clonedSegmentReader = (SegmentReader) origSegmentReader
-        .clone();
+    IndexReader clonedReader = (IndexReader) origReader.clone();
+    SegmentReader clonedSegmentReader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(clonedReader);
     assertDelDocsRefCountEquals(2, origSegmentReader);
     // deleting a document creates a new deletedDocs bitvector, the refs goes to
     // 1
-    clonedSegmentReader.deleteDocument(2);
+    clonedReader.deleteDocument(2);
     assertDelDocsRefCountEquals(1, origSegmentReader);
     assertDelDocsRefCountEquals(1, clonedSegmentReader);
 
@@ -371,28 +373,27 @@
 
     // deleting a doc from the original segmentreader should throw an exception
     try {
-      origSegmentReader.deleteDocument(4);
+      origReader.deleteDocument(4);
       fail("expected exception");
     } catch (LockObtainFailedException lbfe) {
       // expected
     }
 
-    origSegmentReader.close();
+    origReader.close();
     // try closing the original segment reader to see if it affects the
     // clonedSegmentReader
-    clonedSegmentReader.deleteDocument(3);
-    clonedSegmentReader.flush();
+    clonedReader.deleteDocument(3);
+    clonedReader.flush();
     assertDelDocsRefCountEquals(1, clonedSegmentReader);
 
     // test a reopened reader
-    SegmentReader reopenedSegmentReader = (SegmentReader) clonedSegmentReader
-        .reopen();
-    SegmentReader cloneSegmentReader2 = (SegmentReader) reopenedSegmentReader
-        .clone();
+    IndexReader reopenedReader = clonedReader.reopen();
+    IndexReader cloneReader2 = (IndexReader) reopenedReader.clone();
+    SegmentReader cloneSegmentReader2 = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(cloneReader2);
     assertDelDocsRefCountEquals(2, cloneSegmentReader2);
-    clonedSegmentReader.close();
-    reopenedSegmentReader.close();
-    cloneSegmentReader2.close();
+    clonedReader.close();
+    reopenedReader.close();
+    cloneReader2.close();
 
     dir1.close();
   }
@@ -401,14 +402,14 @@
   public void testCloneWithDeletes() throws Throwable {
     final Directory dir1 = new MockRAMDirectory();
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, false);
-    SegmentReader origSegmentReader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
-    origSegmentReader.deleteDocument(1);
+    IndexReader origReader = IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    origReader.deleteDocument(1);
 
-    SegmentReader clonedSegmentReader = (SegmentReader) origSegmentReader.clone();
-    origSegmentReader.close();
-    clonedSegmentReader.close();
+    IndexReader clonedReader = (IndexReader) origReader.clone();
+    origReader.close();
+    clonedReader.close();
 
-    SegmentReader r = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    IndexReader r = IndexReader.open(dir1);
     assertTrue(r.isDeleted(1));
     r.close();
     dir1.close();
@@ -418,18 +419,18 @@
   public void testCloneWithSetNorm() throws Throwable {
     final Directory dir1 = new MockRAMDirectory();
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, false);
-    SegmentReader orig = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    IndexReader orig = IndexReader.open(dir1);
     orig.setNorm(1, "field1", 17.0f);
     final byte encoded = Similarity.encodeNorm(17.0f);
     assertEquals(encoded, orig.norms("field1")[1]);
 
     // the cloned segmentreader should have 2 references, 1 to itself, and 1 to
     // the original segmentreader
-    SegmentReader clonedSegmentReader = (SegmentReader) orig.clone();
+    IndexReader clonedReader = (IndexReader) orig.clone();
     orig.close();
-    clonedSegmentReader.close();
+    clonedReader.close();
 
-    SegmentReader r = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    IndexReader r = IndexReader.open(dir1);
     assertEquals(encoded, r.norms("field1")[1]);
     r.close();
     dir1.close();
@@ -469,7 +470,7 @@
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, false);
     IndexReader r1 = IndexReader.open(dir1);
     r1.incRef();
-    IndexReader r2 = (IndexReader) r1.clone(false);
+    IndexReader r2 = r1.clone(false);
     r1.deleteDocument(5);
     r1.decRef();
     
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@
     w.addDocument(doc);
     w.close();
     IndexReader r1 = IndexReader.open(dir);
-    IndexReader r2 = (IndexReader) r1.clone(false);
+    IndexReader r2 = r1.clone(false);
     r1.close();
     r2.close();
     dir.close();
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderCloneNorms.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderCloneNorms.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderCloneNorms.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderCloneNorms.java
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
   public void testNormsClose() throws IOException { 
     Directory dir1 = new MockRAMDirectory(); 
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, false);
-    SegmentReader reader1 = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    SegmentReader reader1 = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(dir1);
     reader1.norms("field1");
     Norm r1norm = (Norm)reader1.norms.get("field1");
     SegmentReader.Ref r1BytesRef = r1norm.bytesRef();
@@ -183,21 +183,24 @@
   public void testNormsRefCounting() throws IOException { 
     Directory dir1 = new MockRAMDirectory(); 
     TestIndexReaderReopen.createIndex(dir1, false);
-    SegmentReader reader1 = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    IndexReader reader1 = IndexReader.open(dir1);
         
-    SegmentReader reader2C = (SegmentReader)reader1.clone();
-    reader2C.norms("field1"); // load the norms for the field
-    Norm reader2CNorm = (Norm)reader2C.norms.get("field1");
+    IndexReader reader2C = (IndexReader) reader1.clone();
+    SegmentReader segmentReader2C = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(reader2C);
+    segmentReader2C.norms("field1"); // load the norms for the field
+    Norm reader2CNorm = (Norm)segmentReader2C.norms.get("field1");
     assertTrue("reader2CNorm.bytesRef()=" + reader2CNorm.bytesRef(), reader2CNorm.bytesRef().refCount() == 2);
     
     
     
-    SegmentReader reader3C = (SegmentReader)reader2C.clone();
-    Norm reader3CCNorm = (Norm)reader3C.norms.get("field1");
+    IndexReader reader3C = (IndexReader) reader2C.clone();
+    SegmentReader segmentReader3C = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(reader3C);
+    Norm reader3CCNorm = (Norm)segmentReader3C.norms.get("field1");
     assertEquals(3, reader3CCNorm.bytesRef().refCount());
     
     // edit a norm and the refcount should be 1
-    SegmentReader reader4C = (SegmentReader)reader3C.clone();
+    IndexReader reader4C = (IndexReader) reader3C.clone();
+    SegmentReader segmentReader4C = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(reader4C);
     assertEquals(4, reader3CCNorm.bytesRef().refCount());
     reader4C.setNorm(5, "field1", 0.33f);
     
@@ -210,13 +213,14 @@
     }
     
     // norm values should be different 
-    assertTrue(Similarity.decodeNorm(reader3C.norms("field1")[5]) != Similarity.decodeNorm(reader4C.norms("field1")[5]));
-    Norm reader4CCNorm = (Norm)reader4C.norms.get("field1");
+    assertTrue(Similarity.decodeNorm(segmentReader3C.norms("field1")[5]) != Similarity.decodeNorm(segmentReader4C.norms("field1")[5]));
+    Norm reader4CCNorm = (Norm)segmentReader4C.norms.get("field1");
     assertEquals(3, reader3CCNorm.bytesRef().refCount());
     assertEquals(1, reader4CCNorm.bytesRef().refCount());
         
-    SegmentReader reader5C = (SegmentReader)reader4C.clone();
-    Norm reader5CCNorm = (Norm)reader5C.norms.get("field1");
+    IndexReader reader5C = (IndexReader) reader4C.clone();
+    SegmentReader segmentReader5C = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(reader5C);
+    Norm reader5CCNorm = (Norm)segmentReader5C.norms.get("field1");
     reader5C.setNorm(5, "field1", 0.7f);
     assertEquals(1, reader5CCNorm.bytesRef().refCount());    
 
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderReopen.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderReopen.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderReopen.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexReaderReopen.java
@@ -596,66 +596,68 @@
     Directory dir1 = new MockRAMDirectory();
     createIndex(dir1, false);
     
-    SegmentReader reader1 = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    IndexReader reader1 = IndexReader.open(dir1);
+    SegmentReader segmentReader1 = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(reader1);
     IndexReader modifier = IndexReader.open(dir1);
     modifier.deleteDocument(0);
     modifier.close();
     
-    SegmentReader reader2 = (SegmentReader) reader1.reopen();
+    IndexReader reader2 = reader1.reopen();
     modifier = IndexReader.open(dir1);
     modifier.setNorm(1, "field1", 50);
     modifier.setNorm(1, "field2", 50);
     modifier.close();
     
-    SegmentReader reader3 = (SegmentReader) reader2.reopen();
+    IndexReader reader3 = reader2.reopen();
+    SegmentReader segmentReader3 = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(reader3);
     modifier = IndexReader.open(dir1);
     modifier.deleteDocument(2);
     modifier.close();
 
-    SegmentReader reader4 = (SegmentReader) reader3.reopen();
+    IndexReader reader4 = reader3.reopen();
     modifier = IndexReader.open(dir1);
     modifier.deleteDocument(3);
     modifier.close();
 
-    SegmentReader reader5 = (SegmentReader) reader3.reopen();
+    IndexReader reader5 = reader3.reopen();
     
     // Now reader2-reader5 references reader1. reader1 and reader2
     // share the same norms. reader3, reader4, reader5 also share norms.
     assertRefCountEquals(1, reader1);
-    assertFalse(reader1.normsClosed());
+    assertFalse(segmentReader1.normsClosed());
 
     reader1.close();
 
     assertRefCountEquals(0, reader1);
-    assertFalse(reader1.normsClosed());
+    assertFalse(segmentReader1.normsClosed());
 
     reader2.close();
     assertRefCountEquals(0, reader1);
 
     // now the norms for field1 and field2 should be closed
-    assertTrue(reader1.normsClosed("field1"));
-    assertTrue(reader1.normsClosed("field2"));
+    assertTrue(segmentReader1.normsClosed("field1"));
+    assertTrue(segmentReader1.normsClosed("field2"));
 
     // but the norms for field3 and field4 should still be open
-    assertFalse(reader1.normsClosed("field3"));
-    assertFalse(reader1.normsClosed("field4"));
+    assertFalse(segmentReader1.normsClosed("field3"));
+    assertFalse(segmentReader1.normsClosed("field4"));
     
     reader3.close();
     assertRefCountEquals(0, reader1);
-    assertFalse(reader3.normsClosed());
+    assertFalse(segmentReader3.normsClosed());
     reader5.close();
     assertRefCountEquals(0, reader1);
-    assertFalse(reader3.normsClosed());
+    assertFalse(segmentReader3.normsClosed());
     reader4.close();
     assertRefCountEquals(0, reader1);
     
     // and now all norms that reader1 used should be closed
-    assertTrue(reader1.normsClosed());
+    assertTrue(segmentReader1.normsClosed());
     
     // now that reader3, reader4 and reader5 are closed,
     // the norms that those three readers shared should be
     // closed as well
-    assertTrue(reader3.normsClosed());
+    assertTrue(segmentReader3.normsClosed());
 
     dir1.close();
   }
@@ -941,12 +943,12 @@
     }
     
     w.close();
-    
+
     IndexReader r = IndexReader.open(dir);
     if (multiSegment) {
-      assertTrue(r instanceof MultiSegmentReader);
+      assertTrue(r.getSequentialSubReaders().length > 1);
     } else {
-      assertTrue(r instanceof SegmentReader);
+      assertTrue(r.getSequentialSubReaders().length == 1);
     }
     r.close();
   }
@@ -1208,7 +1210,7 @@
 
     IndexReader[] rs2 = r2.getSequentialSubReaders();
 
-    SegmentReader sr1 = (SegmentReader) r1;
+    SegmentReader sr1 = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(r1);
     SegmentReader sr2 = (SegmentReader) rs2[0];
 
     // At this point they share the same BitVector
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexWriterReader.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexWriterReader.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexWriterReader.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestIndexWriterReader.java
@@ -461,15 +461,15 @@
     IndexWriter writer = new IndexWriter(dir1, new WhitespaceAnalyzer(),
         IndexWriter.MaxFieldLength.LIMITED);
     writer.setInfoStream(infoStream);
-    DirectoryIndexReader r1 = (DirectoryIndexReader) writer.getReader();
+    IndexReader r1 = writer.getReader();
     assertEquals(0, r1.maxDoc());
     createIndexNoClose(false, "index1", writer);
     writer.flush(!optimize, true, true);
 
-    DirectoryIndexReader iwr1 = (DirectoryIndexReader) writer.getReader();
+    IndexReader iwr1 = writer.getReader();
     assertEquals(100, iwr1.maxDoc());
 
-    DirectoryIndexReader r2 = (DirectoryIndexReader) writer.getReader();
+    IndexReader r2 = writer.getReader();
     assertEquals(r2.maxDoc(), 100);
     // add 100 documents
     for (int x = 10000; x < 10000 + 100; x++) {
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestLazyProxSkipping.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestLazyProxSkipping.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestLazyProxSkipping.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestLazyProxSkipping.java
@@ -72,8 +72,7 @@
         writer.optimize();
         writer.close();
         
-        // the index is a single segment, thus IndexReader.open() returns an instance of SegmentReader
-        SegmentReader reader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(directory);
+        SegmentReader reader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(directory);
 
         // we decorate the proxStream with a wrapper class that allows to count the number of calls of seek()
         reader.proxStream = new SeeksCountingStream(reader.proxStream);
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestMultiLevelSkipList.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestMultiLevelSkipList.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestMultiLevelSkipList.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestMultiLevelSkipList.java
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
     writer.optimize();
     writer.close();
 
-    IndexReader reader = IndexReader.open(dir);
+    IndexReader reader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(dir);
     SegmentTermPositions tp = (SegmentTermPositions) reader.termPositions();
     tp.freqStream = new CountingStream(tp.freqStream);
 
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestOmitTf.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestOmitTf.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestOmitTf.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestOmitTf.java
@@ -90,8 +90,7 @@
     writer.close();
     _TestUtil.checkIndex(ram);
 
-    // only one segment in the index, so we can cast to SegmentReader
-    SegmentReader reader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(ram);
+    SegmentReader reader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(ram);
     FieldInfos fi = reader.fieldInfos();
     assertTrue("OmitTermFreqAndPositions field bit should be set.", fi.fieldInfo("f1").omitTermFreqAndPositions);
     assertTrue("OmitTermFreqAndPositions field bit should be set.", fi.fieldInfo("f2").omitTermFreqAndPositions);
@@ -143,8 +142,7 @@
 
     _TestUtil.checkIndex(ram);
 
-    // only one segment in the index, so we can cast to SegmentReader
-    SegmentReader reader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(ram);
+    SegmentReader reader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(ram);
     FieldInfos fi = reader.fieldInfos();
     assertTrue("OmitTermFreqAndPositions field bit should be set.", fi.fieldInfo("f1").omitTermFreqAndPositions);
     assertTrue("OmitTermFreqAndPositions field bit should be set.", fi.fieldInfo("f2").omitTermFreqAndPositions);
@@ -188,8 +186,7 @@
 
     _TestUtil.checkIndex(ram);
 
-    // only one segment in the index, so we can cast to SegmentReader
-    SegmentReader reader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(ram);
+    SegmentReader reader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(ram);
     FieldInfos fi = reader.fieldInfos();
     assertTrue("OmitTermFreqAndPositions field bit should not be set.", !fi.fieldInfo("f1").omitTermFreqAndPositions);
     assertTrue("OmitTermFreqAndPositions field bit should be set.", fi.fieldInfo("f2").omitTermFreqAndPositions);
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestPayloads.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestPayloads.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestPayloads.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestPayloads.java
@@ -117,8 +117,7 @@
         // flush
         writer.close();        
         
-        // only one segment in the index, so we can cast to SegmentReader
-        SegmentReader reader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(ram);
+        SegmentReader reader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(ram);
         FieldInfos fi = reader.fieldInfos();
         assertFalse("Payload field bit should not be set.", fi.fieldInfo("f1").storePayloads);
         assertTrue("Payload field bit should be set.", fi.fieldInfo("f2").storePayloads);
@@ -142,8 +141,7 @@
         // flush
         writer.close();
 
-        // only one segment in the index, so we can cast to SegmentReader
-        reader = (SegmentReader) IndexReader.open(ram);
+        reader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(ram);
         fi = reader.fieldInfos();
         assertFalse("Payload field bit should not be set.", fi.fieldInfo("f1").storePayloads);
         assertTrue("Payload field bit should be set.", fi.fieldInfo("f2").storePayloads);
diff --git a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestSegmentTermEnum.java b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestSegmentTermEnum.java
--- a/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestSegmentTermEnum.java
+++ b/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestSegmentTermEnum.java
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
     IndexWriter writer  = new IndexWriter(dir, new WhitespaceAnalyzer(), true, IndexWriter.MaxFieldLength.LIMITED);
     addDoc(writer, "aaa bbb");
     writer.close();
-    IndexReader reader = IndexReader.open(dir);
+    SegmentReader reader = SegmentReader.getOnlySegmentReader(dir);
     SegmentTermEnum termEnum = (SegmentTermEnum) reader.terms();
     assertTrue(termEnum.next());
     assertEquals("aaa", termEnum.term().text());
